Aiming at the problems of various bus communication schemes in coal mine data acquisition and transmission, such as low transmission efficiency, poor accuracy, and difficulty in overall management, a multi-bus fusion communication scheme is proposed, and system software and hardware design is performed. The system adopts RS485 bus to connect the sensing equipment to complete the data collection and transmission, and adopts CAN bus to connect the underground substations to achieve data sharing. ModbusTCP bus is used to communicate with the overground and underground information sites to respond to the underground data upload, forming a communication three-level network link. The system adopts the STM32 control unit based on the ARM core to coordinate data transmission among the three types of buses, and freely convert different communication protocols to achieve transparent transmission of data throughout the network. The test results show that the transmission delay is controlled within 13 ms, and the system real-time performance and reliability are effectively improved.