To solve the problem that the system inductance has the equivalent negative damping effect on the virtual synchronous generator control system, an adaptive damping compensation method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the virtual synchronous generator control technology, the dynamic electromagnetic equation and dynamic small signal model of the system are established through dq transformation and small signal analysis. Then, the synchronous moment coefficient and equivalent damping coefficient are decomposed by electromagnetic torque deviation. Finally, according to the analysis of the generation mechanism of equivalent negative damping, a damping compensation module with system frequency and virtual impedance as adaptive control variables is added to the active power -frequency regulator to realize the adaptive compensation for the damping of virtual synchronous generator. Through MATLAB/Simulink simulation, a comparison of the results obtained by the proposed method with the results obtained by the traditional virtual synchronous generator control method and the virtual impedance compensation method is made, which shows that the adaptive damping compensation method proposed in this paper has stronger stability and faster response speed, thus verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.