After the power system is connected to a variety of new energy resources, the source load balance technology is mainly used for power system transformation, which makes the carbon emission of the transformed system too high. Therefore, the research on power system transformation based on edge node technology under the background of carbon neutrality is proposed. A stable time series is established according to the historical data of the power system, and then, the medium and long-term power demand is predicted through the exponential smoothing method as the basis of system transformation design. Under the background of carbon neutrality, a planning model of novel power system is constructed with the goal of minimizing the waste power of new energy, and the constraints of carbon emission and power balance are proposed. The whole distribution system is divided into multiple islands through using the edge node technology. In each island, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to reasonably distribute the power tasks, forming a novel power system with the coordinated planning of source-network-load-storage as the core. Finally, under the support of big data theory, the operation mode of novel power system is clarified. The application analysis results show that compared with the power system before the transformation, the carbon emission of the novel power system obtained by the proposed transformation method is reduced by 42.86%, meeting the carbon neutrality development goal. The proposed system has been tested by Mann-Kendall method that it has certain validity and reliability, which can provide reference and application value for power system transformation.